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How interest rates in Canada and the US impact US Dollar/CAD Dollar Exchange Rates
Given the historic interest rate tightening cycle we are currently experiencing, and the fact that financial markets seem fixated on the direction of interest rates, it might be timely to discuss how interest rates and interest rate differentials can impact the exchange rates of the Canadian and US dollars.
Interest rate differentials play a critical role in determining exchange rates between currencies. In the case of the Canadian dollar (CAD) and the US dollar (USD), the interest rate differential between the two countries can have a significant impact on the exchange rate between these two currencies. In this post, we will explore how interest rate differentials influence the CAD-USD exchange rate.
Interest rate differentials refer to the difference in interest rates between two currencies. For instance, if the interest rate in Canada is 2% while the interest rate in the US is 1%, then the interest rate differential between CAD and USD is 1%. When interest rates are higher in one country relative to another, investors are more likely to invest in that country’s currency to earn higher returns. This influx of capital can lead to an appreciation of the currency.
Interest rate differentials between Canada and the US have a direct impact on the CAD-USD exchange rate. When interest rates in Canada are higher than those in the US, the CAD typically appreciates relative to the USD. This is because higher interest rates in Canada make the CAD more attractive to investors looking to earn higher returns. As a result, investors will buy more CAD, driving up the demand for the currency, and increasing its value relative to the USD.
On the other hand, when interest rates in the US are higher than those in Canada, the USD typically appreciates relative to the CAD. This is because higher interest rates in the US make the USD more attractive to investors looking to earn higher returns. As a result, investors will buy more USD, driving up the demand for the currency, and increasing its value relative to the CAD.
The impact of interest rate differentials on the CAD-USD exchange rate can be observed in the historical exchange rate movements between the two currencies. For example, from 2002 to 2007, the Bank of Canada gradually increased interest rates from 2.25% to 4.25%, while the Federal Reserve kept interest rates at a relatively low level of 1%. During this period, the CAD appreciated significantly relative to the USD, with the CAD-USD exchange rate moving from 0.6250 in 2002 to 0.9406 in 2007.
Similarly, during the 2008 financial crisis, the Bank of Canada aggressively lowered interest rates in response to the economic downturn. By contrast, the Federal Reserve lowered interest rates more gradually. This led to a widening interest rate differential between Canada and the US, with interest rates in Canada being significantly lower than those in the US. As a result, the CAD depreciated relative to the USD, with the CAD-USD exchange rate falling from 1.0593 in 2008 to 0.9406 in 2009.
Another factor that can influence the impact of interest rate differentials on the CAD-USD exchange rate is the expectations of future interest rate changes. If investors expect that interest rates in one country will increase in the future while they remain stable in the other country, then the currency of the country with the expected interest rate increase may appreciate in anticipation of higher future returns.
For instance, if the Bank of Canada signals that it will raise interest rates in the future while the Federal Reserve does not, then the CAD may appreciate relative to the USD even if the interest rate differential is currently in favor of the USD. This is because investors will anticipate the higher returns on Canadian investments in the future and buy CAD in anticipation of the appreciation of the currency.
Interest rates and their fluctuations have always played a significant role in shaping the global financial markets. Given the dramatic interest rate tightening cycle we are currently experiencing, it’s important to understand their impact on the foreign exchange market.
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The IFC Consensus Canadian Dollar Forecast is based on the aggregation of forecasts by major Canadian and Global banks and trading houses. The methodology used to calculate the forecast takes into account, among other things, the historical accuracy of the forecaster as well as other factors deemed relevant. Short Term refers to forecast for the end of the current quarter. Long Term refers to the forecast for the end of next year. The IFC Canadian Dollar Consensus Forecast is updated periodically.
The contents of this site are for information purposes only, and represent the personal views of the authors. It is not intended in any way as a recommendation to trade, nor does it construe advice whether to buy or sell. No responsibility can be held arising from any loss following consideration of this information. For information specific to your situation you should consult your relevant advisor or investment, legal or accounting professionals. All exchange rate figures displayed on this website are based on interbank exchange rates. These are not trading levels and are for indicative purposes only. Information provided is believed to be reliable when posted. Interchange Financial Corporation (“IFC”) does not guarantee its accuracy and information may change without prior notice. IFC is not responsible in any manner for direct, indirect, special or consequential damages however caused, arising out of the use of this web site.
